Overview
Bias can occur as a result of our perceiving others to be either a member or non-member of "our group"; the same applies to practices and methods.
Types
| Name | Description | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Not Invented Here | Aversion to contact with or use of products, research, standards, or knowledge developed outside a group. | [1] [4] |
| Stereotyping | Expecting a member of a group to have certain characteristics without having actual information about that individual. | [1] |
| Cheerleader Effect | The tendency for people to appear more attractive in a group than in isolation. | [1] [2] |
| Group Attribution Error | The biased belief that the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole or the tendency to assume that group decision outcomes reflect the preferences of group members, even when information is available that clearly suggests otherwise. | [1] |
| Ingroup Bias | The tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups. | [1] |
| Outgroup Homogeneity Bias | Individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups. | [1] [3] |
Practical Perspectives
- Actively seek to engineer practices that help you and your decision-makers feel that others are members of your in-group.
- Engage in structured analysis of places in your decision-making, such as hiring processes, wherein deciders might be left to form assumptions of group membership.
- Foster cross-organizational unity through team activities (such as sports teams and social functinos) that cultivate a sense that the organization is one group as opposed to a collection of separate groups.
References & Acknowledgements
[1] Wikipedia contributors. "List of cognitive biases." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Jul. 2020. Web. 23 Jul. 2020. link
[2] Walker D, Vul E (January 2014). "Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive". Psychological Science. 25 (1): 230–5. doi:10.1177/0956797613497969. PMID 24163333.
[3] Quattrone, George A.; Jones, Edward E. (1980). "The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (1): 141–152. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141.
[4] Piezunka, Henning; Dahlander, Linus (26 Jun 2014). "Distant Search, Narrow Attention: How Crowding Alters Organizations' Filtering of Suggestions in Crowdsourcing". Academy of Management Journal. 58 (3): 856–880. doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0458.
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